Python 初級
執行
python main.py
執行並導入測資
python main.py < d1.txt
"""
# 內建函式 print()
# 功能：輸出訊息、變數內容或資料值
# print(參數：變數或資料值)
設定函式呼叫步驟：
1. 設定函式名稱
2. 放一對圓括 ()
3. 放參數
"""
# print(1個參數)
# 輸出一個字串
print('Hello, World!')
# print(0個參數)
# 單純換行
print()
# print(2個以上參數，逗號分隔)
# 參數輸出時，彼此之間空一白
print('Hello, World!', 'I am Robot 987.')
可用單引號或雙引號設定字串，必須成對
# 單引號 (字串單引號 vs. 英文單引號)
print('What\'s going on?')
# 雙引號
print("What's going on?")
"""
# 內建函式 type()
# 功能：回傳變數或資料值的類別
# type(參數：變數或資料值)
"""
# 字串 str (string)
print('123', type('123'))
# 整數 int (integer)
print(123, type(123))
# 浮點數 float
print(123.0, type(123.0))
# 布林數 bool (boolean)
# 例一：硬幣的正反面
# 例二：電源的開和關
print(True, type(True))
print(False, type(False))
"""
f-string 設定步驟：
1. 設定小寫 f
2. 接一對字串單引號 '' 或雙引號 ""
3. 視需要放「固定字串內容」
4. 「變數」或「運算式」放在一對花括 {} 中
"""
a = 7
b = 2
x = a + b
print(f'Sum: {x}')
保留小數位數
"""
f-string 設定步驟：
1. 設定小寫 f
2. 接一對字串單引號 '' 或雙引號 ""
3. 視需要放「固定字串內容」
4. 「變數」或「運算式」放在一對花括 {} 中
5. 特定格式要在「變數」或「運算式」後接英文冒號 : 再設定
6. 保留小數位數，例如 .2f 保留小數後 2 位
"""
pi = 3.14159
diameter = 4
print(f'Perimeter: {pi*diameter:.2f}')
diameter = 8
print(f'Perimeter: {pi*diameter:.4f}')
"""
# 內建函式 input()
# 功能：接收並回傳使用者輸入的資料
# input(參數：建議設定字串)
設定函式呼叫步驟：
1. 設定函式名稱
2. 放一對圓括 ()
3. 放參數
"""
# input(0個參數)
# 解題使用
input()
# input(1個參數)
# 練習或小專題使用
input('What is your name? ')
"""
# 內建函式 int()
# 功能：將「整數字串」或「浮點數」轉為整數
# int(參數)
"""
a = int(input('a: '))
b = int(input('b: '))
print(a + b)
"""
# 內建函式 float()
# 將「浮點數字串」或「整數」轉為浮點數
# float(參數)
"""
a = float(input('a: '))
b = float(input('b: '))
print(a + b)
a = int(float(input('a: ')))
b = int(float(input('b: ')))
print(a + b)
# 七種算術運算
"""
# ex(+).
# 輸出算術運算結果
"""
# 加(+)、減(-)、乘(*)、除(/)
7 + 2
7 - 2
7 * 2
7 / 2
# 商數(//)、餘數(%)
# % 其實是模數運算
7 // 2
7 % 2
# 指數 (次方)
7 ** 2
# 運算子優先序
"""
# ex(+).
# 圓括 > 指數 > 乘除、商餘 > 加減
# 先乘除後加減
# 指乘除餘加減
# 整數和浮點數計算結果，會得到浮點數
例如 5 + 1.0 -> 6.0
Python 的 3 種除法：
1. / : 浮點數除法，得到浮點數
2. // : 整數相除，取商數
3. % : 整數相除，取餘數
"""
a = 7 + 2 - 3 * 2
print('a:', a)
b = 8 + 4 / 2 - 5 * 2
print('b:', b)
c = 8 * 2 + 7 - 9 / 4 * 3 ** 2
print('c:', c)
d = (8 + -4) / 2 - 5 * 2
print('d:', d)
e = 27 % 5 * 6 ** 2 - 12 // 6
print('e:', e)
# 輸入兩個整數字串存到變數 a 和 b
a = input('a: ')
b = input('b: ')
print(a, type(a))
print(b, type(b))
print('Result:', a + b)
print()
# 因為任何輸入都是字串
# 所以必須使用 int() 轉成整數
a = int(a)
b = int(b)
print(a, type(a))
print(b, type(b))
print('Result:', a + b)
a = int(input('a: '))
b = int(input('b: '))
x = a - b
print(f'Difference = {x}')
x = abs(x)
print(f'Absolute value = {x}')
alist = input().split()
print(alist)
print(alist[0])
print(alist[1])
print(alist[2])
# 將串列中的數據依序分配到不同變數
a, b, c = alist
print(a + b + c)
a = int(a)
b = int(b)
c = int(c)
print(a + b + c)
total = 10
diff = 4
large = (total + diff) // 2
small = (total - diff) // 2
print(f"Large number: {large}")
print(f"Small number: {small}")
import math
x = int(input('x: '))
x = x**2
print(x)
x = math.sqrt(x)
print(x)
# 數的次方
"""
# ex(+).
# 使用指數運算 **
# 輸入 n 和 p
# 計算 n 的 p 次方
[輸入與輸出]
n: 2
p: 10
n to the power of p is 1024
"""
n = input('n: ')
p = 0
print(f'n to the power of p = {n}')
n = int(input('n: '))
print(f"units digit: {n % 10}")
print(f" tens digit: {n // 10}")
a = int(input('a: '))
b = int(input('b: '))
print(a & b)
print(a | b)
print(a ^ b)
print(a >> b)
print(a << b)
n = int(input('n: '))
print(n)
print(bin(n))
print(oct(n))
print(hex(n))
"""
1. 語法錯誤 Syntax Error : 不可執行，錯誤類別一律為 SyntaxError
2. 執行錯誤 Runtime Error : 可以執行，過程可能顯示錯誤訊息
3. 語意錯誤 Semantic Error: 可以執行，不會顯示錯誤訊息，但結果不符題意
type(data): 回傳資料的類別
int('987'): 將數字字串轉成整數 -> integer
str(12345): 將整數轉成數字字串 -> string
"""
a = input('A: ))
b = (input(B: ')
print(f'A = {a}', type(a))
print(f'B = {b}', type(b))
q = a + b
print(f'The quotient of A over B = {x}')
兩個以上單字，單字之間以底線連接
"""
# 變數作用：存取資料
# 存：Set, Save, Store, Conserve
# 取：Get, Open, Fetch, Retrieve
"""
your_name = input("What is your name? ")
your_best_friend = input("Who is your best friend? ")
print(f"{your_name} & {your_best_friend}")
a = int(input('a: '))
b = int(input('b: '))
print(f'a: {a}, b: {b}')
a, b = b, a
print(f'a: {a}, b: {b}')
整數佔連續空間
"""
記憶體 vs. 變數
資料盒 vs. 便利貼
記憶體：如資料盒，是實際存放資料的空間
變數：如便利貼，可以在不同資料盒間貼來貼去
"""
a = 1
print(a, type(a), id(a))
a = 2
print(a, type(a), id(a))
a = 3
print(a, type(a), id(a))
print()
a = '1'
print(a, type(a), id(a))
a = '2'
print(a, type(a), id(a))
a = '3'
print(a, type(a), id(a))
# 姓名練習一
"""
# ex(+).
# 為每一句加上英文句點
# 分別輸入姓和名，合併姓名存到 user_name
"""
user_name = input('What is your name? ')
print('1. Your name is', user_name)
print('2. Your name is ' + user_name)
print('3. Your name is %s' % user_name)
print('4. Your name is {}'.format(user_name))
print(f'5. Your name is {user_name}')
# 姓名練習二
"""
# ex(+).
# 保留上題完成的英文句點
# 分別輸入姓和名，不得合併存到 user_name
"""
first_name = ''
last_name = ''
print('1. Your name is', first_name)
print('2. Your name is ' + first_name)
print('3. Your name is %s' % first_name)
print('4. Your name is {}'.format(first_name))
print(f'5. Your name is {first_name}')
# 不可設為變數
"""
False await else import pass
None break except in raise
True class finally is return
and continue for lambda try
as def from nonlocal while
assert del global not with
async elif if or yield
"""
global = 'universal'
# 簡單異常處理
"""
異常錯誤，其實就是執行錯誤
try:
可能會發生異常錯誤的程式
以及相關程式
except:
發生異常錯誤時的處理
可以寫 pass 表示略過
"""
n = input('n: ')
try:
n = int(n)
print(f'The square of n is {n**2}.')
except:
print(f"'{n}' is not an integer.")
print(type(n))
print("Beebo: Let's hang out.")
weather = input("How is the weather? ")
if weather == "sunny":
print("(1) Sure. Why not?")
print("Beebo: Let's hang out.")
weather = input("How is the weather? ")
if weather == "sunny":
print("(1) Sure. Why not?")
else:
print("(2) I want to stay home.")
alist = input().split()
a, b, c = alist
a = int(a)
b = int(b)
c = int(c)
g = a
if b > g:
g = b
if c > g:
g = c
print(f"The Greatest = {g}")
alist = input().split()
a, b, c = alist
a = int(a)
b = int(b)
c = int(c)
g = a if a > b else b
g = g if g > c else c
print(f"The Greatest = {g}")
移除多餘條件
score = int(input("Score: "))
if score >= 80:
print("A, GPA is 4")
elif score < 80 and score >= 70:
print("B, GPA is 3")
elif score < 70 and score >= 60:
print("C, GPA is 2")
elif score < 60 and score >= 50:
print("D, GPA is 1")
else:
print("F, GPA is 0")
先判斷 is_small 再判斷 is_furry
is_furry = True
is_small = True
if is_furry:
if is_small:
print("Cat")
else:
print("Bear")
else:
if is_small:
print("Gecko")
else:
print("Crocodile")
先判斷奇偶，再判斷正負
n = int(input('n: '))
if n == 0:
print('zero')
elif n > 0:
if n % 2 == 0:
print('Positive Even')
else:
print('Positive Odd')
elif n < 0:
if n % 2 == 1:
print('Negative Odd')
else:
print('Negative Even')
alist = input().split()
first_born = alist[0].upper()
second_born = alist[1].upper()
third_born = alist[2].upper()
if first_born == 'M':
print('1st child: Son -> Aaron')
if second_born == 'M':
print('2nd child: Son')
else:
print('2nd child: Daughter')
else:
print('1st child: Daughter -> Bella')
if second_born == 'M':
print('2nd child: Son')
else:
print('2nd child: Daughter')
for i in range(5):
print(i)
只有輸出符號，沒有輸出變數 i
for i in range(5):
print('*')
for i in range(1, 10):
print(i)
輸出整數 3 ~ 27，i 為 3 的倍數時，輸出 ***，其他值則輸出 *
for i in range(5):
if False:
print(i, '***')
else:
print(i, '*')
正左直角、倒左直角、正右直角、倒右直角、金字塔形、奇數菱形、三角沙漏
"""
# 正左直角
i *
1 1 *
2 2 **
3 3 ***
4 4 ****
5 5 *****
# 倒左直角
i *
1 5 *****
2 4 ****
3 3 ***
4 2 **
5 1 *
# 正右直角
i . *
1 4 1 *
2 3 2 **
3 2 3 ***
4 1 4 ****
5 0 5 *****
# 倒右直角
i . *
1 0 5 *****
2 1 4 ****
3 2 3 ***
4 3 2 **
5 4 1 *
# 金字塔形
i . *
1 4 1 *
2 3 3 ***
3 2 5 *****
4 1 7 *******
5 0 9 *********
# 奇數菱形
i . *
1 2 1 *
2 1 3 ***
3 0 5 *****
4 1 3 ***
5 2 1 *
# 三角沙漏
i . *
1 0 5 *****
2 1 3 ***
3 2 1 *
4 1 3 ***
5 0 5 *****
"""
n = int(input('n: '))
print('# 正左直角')
for i in range(1, n+1):
print('*'*i)
n = 10
total = 0
for i in range(1, n+1):
if i % 2 == 0:
total = total + i
print('Sum of even numbers:', total)
for i in range(1, 10, 2):
print(i)
print()
for i in range(10, 1, -2):
print(i)
print()
# 區分作用命名
"""
# ex(+).
# 使兩個相同迴圈輸出同樣結果
# 不得增加程式行數
# range() 參數不得直接放整數或算式，但可放變數
"""
i = 5
for i in range(i):
print('i:', i)
i = i * 2
print('Double of i =', i)
print('-'*20)
for i in range(i):
print('i:', i)
i = i * 2
print('Double of i =', i)
for i in range(10):
if i % 2 == 0:
continue
print(i)
else:
print('***')
break 則 else 相關敘述無效
for i in range(10):
if i % 2 == 0:
continue
if i == 7:
break
print(i)
else:
print('***')
isplus = True
total = 0
while isplus:
total = total + 1
print(total)
if total == 10:
isplus = False
total = 0
while True:
total += 1
print(total)
if total == 10:
break
"""
[輸入與輸出]
step: 2
2
4
6
8
10
step: 3
3
6
9
step: 4
4
8
"""
total = 0
while True:
total += 1
print(total)
if total == 10:
break
total = 0
while False:
total += 1
print(total)
if total == 10:
break
print('# for loop')
t = 0
for i in range(10):
t += 1
print(t)
print('-'*20)
print('# while loop')
t = 0
while t < 10:
t += 1
print(t)
依選項輸出圖形
while True:
print('1.正左直角 2.倒左直角')
print('3.正右直角 4.倒右直角')
print('5.金字塔形 6.奇數菱形')
print('7.三角沙漏 q.離開迴圈')
op = input('> ')
if op == 'q':
break
n = int(input('n: '))
if True:
for i in range(1, n+1):
print(i)
elif True:
for i in range(1, n+1):
print(i)
i = 0
while i < 10:
i += 1
if i % 3 == 0:
i += 1
print(i)
else:
print('***')
break 則 else 相關敘述無效
i = 0
while i < 10:
i += 1
if i % 3 == 0:
i += 1
elif i % 5 == 0:
break
print(i)
else:
print('***')
10進位轉 2/8/10/16 進位
strHex = "0123456789abcdef"
print(strHex)
n = int(input('N: '))
while True:
break
print(f"Bin: {bin(n)}")
print(f"Oct: {oct(n)}")
print(f"Dec: {n}")
print(f"Hex: {hex(n)}")
"""
[輸入與輸出]
n: 5
-o-o-
x-x-x
-o-o-
x-x-x
-o-o-
n: 6
-o-o-o
x-x-x-
-o-o-o
x-x-x-
-o-o-o
x-x-x-
"""
n = int(input('n: '))
for i in range(n):
print('-'*n)
a = int(input('a: '))
b = int(input('b: '))
for i in range(a, b+1):
print(i)
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
op = input('1.Create 2.Read 3.Update 4.Delete': )
if op == 1:
print(Create)
elif op == 2:
print(Read)
elif op == 3:
print(Update)
elif op == 4:
print(Delete)
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
n = input(int('n: '))
if n % 2 == 0:
print('It's an odd.')
else:
print('It's an even.)
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
print('L.Left')
print('R.Right')
print('U.Up')
print('D.Down')
input('> ') = op
if op == 'L'
print('Left')
elif op == 'R'
print('Right')
elif op == 'U'
print('Up')
else op == 'D'
print('Down')
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
"""
[輸入與輸出]
How much would you like to deposit? 100
Enjoy your mug!
Have a nice day!
How much would you like to deposit? 101
You get a free toaster!
Congratulations!
Have a nice day!
"""
deposit = input('How much would you like to deposit? '))
freeToaster = False
if int(deposit) > 100
print('You get a free toaster!')
freeToaster = true
else:
print('Enjoy your mug!')
if freeToaster:
print('Congratulations!')
print('Have a nice day!')
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
"""
[輸入與輸出]
n: 5
*
**
***
****
*****
"""
for i in range(input('n: '):
print('*'*n+1)
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
"""
[輸入與輸出]
n: 10
2
4
6
8
10
"""
n = int(input(n: '))
for i in range(n, 2):
if i % 2 = 0:
print(i)
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
"""
[輸入與輸出]
start: 10
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Time's Up!
"""
countdown = input('start: ')
While false:
print(countdone)
countdown -= 1
if countdown === 0:
print('Time's Up!')
break
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
total = 0
while true:
i = input('Integer (-1 to leave the loop): ')
if i == -i:
break
total += i
print(i, total)
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
"""
[輸入與輸出]
n: 3
t: 0
a: 1
a: 2
a: 3
a: 4
3
----------
t: 1
a: 2
a: 4
1
----------
t: 2
a: 3
a: 2
a: 3
a: 2
a: 5
4
----------
"""
n = int(input('n: '))
for t in range(n):
count = 0
print(' t:', t)
while True:
a = input(' a: ')
if a < n:
break
count = 1
print(f' {count}')
print('-'*10)
一次排除一個錯誤，避免增加程式行數
"""
[輸入與輸出]
n: 3
----------
n: 4
4
----------
n: 5
5
----------
n: 6
6
66
----------
n: 7
7
77
----------
n:
"""
while True:
n = input('n: ')
if n == '':
break
m = n / 2
for i in range(1, n):
print(i*n)
print('-'*10)
test_error = input('1, 2, 3, 4 or 5: ')
if test_error == '1':
# ZeroDivisionError
incomes = (0, 140, 210, 0, 175, 280)
for i in range(1, len(incomes)):
print(incomes[i] / incomes[i-1])
elif test_error == '2':
# NameError
print(x * 3)
elif test_error == '3':
# TypeError
num1 = input('The number: ')
num2 = 2
print(num1 + num2)
elif test_error == '4':
# TypeError
for i in range(input('The stop number: ')):
print(i)
elif test_error == '5':
# ValueError
data = ('1', 'a', 'A')
for cell in data:
print(int(cell))
alist = [3, -2, 4, 5, -6, 0, 7]
cnt = 0
# 迴圈讀取整數，讀到正整數則變數 cnt += 1
for value in alist:
if value > 0:
cnt += 1
print(cnt)
sum(): 將串列中所有數值合計
alist = [3, 12, 4, 5, 16, 10, 7]
tot = 0
# 迴圈讀取整數，並累加到變數 tot
for value in alist:
tot += value
print(tot)
print(sum(alist))
len(): 計算串列數據個數
alist = [3, 12, 4, 5, 16, 10, 7]
avg = sum(alist) / len(alist)
print(f"Average = {avg:.2f}")
兩個串列相加
alist = [1, 2, 3]
blist = [4, 5, 6]
clist = alist + blist
print(clist)
一個串列乘以一個整數 N，表示複製 N 組並合併
alist = [8, 7]
blist = alist * 5
print(blist)
alist = [0]
blist = alist * 10
print(blist)
alist = [3, 12, 4, 5, 16, 10, 7]
n = int(input('n: '))
the_index = -1
for i in range(len(alist)):
print(f'{i} -> {alist[i]}')
if alist[i] == n:
the_index = i
break
if the_index == -1:
print('Not found.')
else:
print(f'The index of {n} is {the_index}.')
alist = [3, 12, 4, 5, 16, 10, 7]
n = int(input('n: '))
the_index = -1
if n in alist:
the_index = alist.index(n)
if the_index == -1:
print('Not found.')
else:
print(f'The index of {n} is {the_index}.')
alist = list(range(1, 6))
print(alist)
n = len(alist)
for i in range(n):
alist.append(alist[i]*2)
print(alist)
random.randrange(): 參數設定規則與 range() 相同
import random
alist = []
for i in range(5):
rnum = random.randrange(1, 51)
alist.append(rnum)
print(alist)
sorted(): 可對字串或串列排序，排序結果存到串列
import random
alist = []
for i in range(5):
rnum = random.randrange(1,51)
alist.append(rnum)
print(alist)
# 升冪排序
alist = sorted(alist)
print(alist)
# 降冪排序
alist = sorted(alist, reverse=True)
print(alist)
氣泡排序、選擇排序、插入排序
import random
# 設定亂數種子
random.seed(5)
alist = []
for i in range(5):
rnum = random.randrange(1,51)
alist.append(rnum)
print(alist)
"""
[輸入]
Jane
John
[輸出]
hello, Jane
hello, John
"""
while True:
try:
# 讀取一行字串
s = input()
# 依題意輸出訊息
print('hello, ' + s)
except EOFError:
break
"""
[輸入]
8
21
7
12
[輸出]
even
odd
odd
even
"""
while True:
try:
# 讀取一行字串，將字串轉成整數
n = int(input())
# 偶數除以 2 的餘數為 0
# 奇數除以 2 的餘數為 1
if n % 2 == 0:
print('even')
elif n % 2 == 1:
print('odd')
except EOFError:
break
"""
[輸入]
10 20
30 12
[輸出]
10
18
"""
while True:
try:
# a, b = list_object: 整數串列中有 2 個整數，用 2 個變數分配儲存
a, b = list(map(int, input().split()))
# 使用絕對值函式 abc()
print(abs(a-b))
except EOFError:
break
"""
[輸入]
5 9 1 6 8
9 8 7
1 7 3 8
[輸出]
29
24
19
"""
while True:
try:
alist = list(map(int, input().split()))
# 用合計函式 sum() 將整數 list 中的全部整數加總
print(sum(alist))
except EOFError:
break
"""
[輸入]
10 20 35
30 12 24 48
[輸出]
25
36
"""
while True:
try:
alist = list(map(int, input().split()))
# 用最大值函式 max() 取出整數 list 中的最大數
max_value = max(alist)
# 用最小值函式 min() 取出整數 list 中的最小數
min_value = min(alist)
result = max_value - min_value
print(result)
except EOFError:
break
"""
[輸入]
5
9
1
6
8
-1
9
8
7
-1
[輸出]
29
24
"""
while True:
try:
# 迴圈前設定 total 變數 為 0
# 準備在迴圈內將整數累加到 total
total = 0
while True:
n = int(input())
if n == -1:
# 離開迴圈前輸出 total
print(total)
# 離開本層迴圈
break
# 將整數 n 加到 total
total += n
except EOFError:
break
"""
[輸入]
4
5 9 1 6 8
9 8 7
1 7 3 8
1 3 1 4 9 8 7
[輸出]
5.80
8.00
4.75
4.71
"""
while True:
try:
n = int(input())
for i in range(n):
alist = list(map(int, input().split()))
# 用計算函式 len() 計算 list 的數據個數
average = sum(alist) / len(alist)
print(f'{average:.2f}')
except EOFError:
break
"""
[輸入]
7
5 9 1 6 8 8 8
1 3 1 4 9 8 7
[輸出]
6 12 2 10 17 16 15
"""
while True:
try:
n = int(input())
# alist: 整數 list
alist = list(map(int, input().split()))
# blist: 整數 list
blist = list(map(int, input().split()))
# clist: 空的 list
clist = []
for i in range(n):
# 用 indexing 操作取出兩個整數 list 的第 i 個整數後相加
# 用 list.append() 方法將上下兩數合計值新增到 clist
clist.append(alist[i] + blist[i])
# 展開輸出 clist 中的整數
print(*clist)
except EOFError:
break
"""
[輸入]
6 12 2 10 17 16 15
[輸出]
2 6 10 12 15 16 17
17 16 15 12 10 6 2
17 16 15
"""
while True:
try:
alist = list(map(int, input().split()))
# 由小到大排序
alist.sort()
print(*alist)
# 由大到小排序
alist.sort(reverse=True)
print(*alist)
# 用 slicing 操作取出前三大整數
print(*alist[:3])
except EOFError:
break
"""
[輸入]
4
A 10 1 1.0
B 20 8 0.8
C 30 5 0.9
A 10 12 0.8
3
E 12 12 0.8
F 28 4 0.9
E 36 2 0.95
[輸出]
369
284
"""
while True:
try:
n = int(input())
total = 0
for i in range(n):
# 一行字串含字母、整數、浮點數字串，不可以使用 map()
alist = input().split()
# 將第 2 個和第 3 個字串轉成整數
price = int(alist[1])
quantity = int(alist[2])
# 將第 4 個字串轉成浮點數
discount = float(alist[3])
total += price * quantity * discount
print(int(total))
except EOFError:
break
# 字母使用個數
"""
[檔案]
The story of a team of female African-American mathematicians
who served a vital role in NASA during the early years of
the U.S. space program.
[輸出]
A 18
C 4
D 2
E 14
F 5
G 2
H 5
I 7
L 4
M 6
N 6
O 7
P 2
R 10
S 7
T 8
U 2
V 2
W 1
Y 3
B J K Q X Z
"""
alphabet = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
# adict: 空的 dict
# adict[key] = value -> adict[字母] = 個數
adict = dict()
while True:
try:
# 讀取一行字串並將字母全部轉成英文大寫
line = input().upper()
for char in line:
# 判斷 char 是否為字母
if char.isalpha():
# 累加 char 字母個數
adict[char] = adict.get(char, 0) + 1
except EOFError:
break
# 將字母排序後存到字串 list
sorted_letters = sorted(adict.keys())
# 逐一讀取 sorted_letters 串列的字母
for letter in sorted_letters:
# 對 adict 詞典依鍵取值 -> 字母個數
print(letter, adict[letter])
# 將 alphabet 字串轉成集合
# 將 sorted_letters 串列轉成集合
# 用差集運算得知未使用的字母後存到 aset 集合
aset = set(alphabet) - set(sorted_letters)
# 將未使用的字母排序後存到 unused_letters 串列
unused_letters = sorted(aset)
print(*unused_letters)
"""
[輸入]
3
0 1 0
2 3 2
0 1 0
3
1 2 1
3 1 3
1 2 1
5
1 2 3 2 1
4 3 2 1 0
2 1 0 1 2
0 1 2 3 4
2 1 3 1 2
[輸出]
0 1 0
2 3 2
0 1 0
9
3 4 3
5 3 5
3 4 3
33
6 7 8 7 6
9 8 7 6 5
7 6 5 6 7
5 6 7 8 9
7 6 8 6 7
169
"""
while True:
try:
n = int(input())
# table: 預備放二維數據
table = []
for ri in range(n):
row = list(map(int, input().split()))
# 將 row 整數串列新增到 table 串列
# table 串列中有 row 串列，使 table 變成二維串列
table.append(row)
# 計算中間格的 index 位置編號
# ri: row index (列座標)
# ci: col index (欄座標)
center_ri = n // 2
center_ci = n // 2
while True:
# 判斷中間格整數是否等於 n
if table[center_ri][center_ci] == n:
# True 則輸出 table
total = 0
for ri in range(n):
print(*table[ri])
for ci in range(n):
total += table[ri][ci]
print(total)
break
else:
# False 則將 table 中每個整數再加 1
for ri in range(n):
for ci in range(n):
table[ri][ci] += 1
except EOFError:
break